Understands multi-factor authentication systems, such as tokens and SMS 

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Understands types of biometrics and how they can be applied 

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Understands the concept of one-time pads 

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Understands the use of digital certificates as an authentication mechanism

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Understands the concept of contactless RFID smart cards

Understands the security attributes of operating system recovery functionality, e.g. Windows Recovery Console and Safe Mode

Can demonstrate how data can be recovered from unencrypted storage devices, and how such data can be manipulated to introduce vulnerabilities into an operating system

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Understands the security implications of unencrypted storage devices, such as hard disks

Understands and can demonstrate the remote exploitation of common no-SQL database servers, such as MongoDB

Understands platform integrity technologies, e.g. TPM

Understands how tamper seals can be used to deter access to computer hardware

Understands how locks can be used to restrict access to computer hardware